The process of DNA fingerprinting Essay Example | Topics and Well Written Essays - 750 words

The process of DNA fingerprinting - Essay Example The sides that make up the DNA are twisted around each other in a spirally way. Each turn of the spiral staircase of the DNA is made up of ten rungs. DNA strand is composed of nucleotides that consist of phosphate, deoxyribose sugar and four nitrogen bases (adenine, cytosine, guanine, and thymine). According to Hess and Orthmann (2012, p. 147), â€Å"the linking of the nitrogen bases results to nucleotide sequence which is distinct and different for every person, thereby determining a person’s individual characteristics.† Production of DNA fingerprint involves many diverse steps: the first step of DNA fingerprinting however begins by one obtaining a sample of DNA from materials such as blood, semen or saliva (Bevans 2014). Vaginal fluids, skin, or skeletal remains can also provide samples for DNA fingerprinting. In case of plant, hair roots are good samples. Through employing the current biochemical techniques, one can also multiply the number of DNA present by use of methods such as polymerase chain reaction (PCR). However, some competent researchers have the potential to work with very small samples such as hair root. To access the DNA from the collected samples, some cells are isolated from the sample and then split open. After splitting the cells, the DNA is separated from the cellular debris. The isolated DNA is then treated endonuclease enzymes/ restriction enzymes (specialized enzymes that cut the sugar-phosphate bond of DNA) that cut the DNA at specific sites into small fragments (Reeve 2014). Due to variation of minisatellites composition of different individuals, the DNAs are cleaved at different points resulting to fragments of varying lengths. The different lengths of the DNA fragments are referred to as restriction length polymorphisms (RFLPs). The different sized of the fragments are easily observed by aid of an experiment called Gel Electrophoresis. After cleavage stage, the DNA portions are then introduced to one end of agarose gel (thin

Case Report, Warner brothers Study Example | Topics and Well Written Essays - 1000 words

Report, Warner brothers - Case Study Example Horn is presented with the dilemma with what strategy to adopt to produce and market movies that generate revenues and compensate for other low performing ones. On one hand, selecting the right script is guided by factors like experience, star loyalty, some specific genres of movies which are always liked by the audience or a rival spearheading a new concept which can be marketed along similar story lines. On the other hand, there are various other operational and strategic factors which shape up the selection decision and are based on more of data than intuition or gut feeling (Pisano & Wagonfeld 2009). One of the most essential components to pay attention to and analyze is the risk taking and sharing basis. Warner Bros. typically do not share risks of producing and marketing a movie with other studios and puts in the entire capital and efforts with an optimistic view of getting the risk-return trade-off. However, with such mammoth budget big-event films which are constrained by pub lic acceptance, rival moves and reduced opening weekend sales, risk sharing should essentially be a part of green-lighting a project. True that if successful, the movie will garner huge revenues to the studio and provide for even low budget movies that have failed at the box office. But in case, any of the above $200 million movies did not capture the expected response or fails in the successive weekends, the entire financial statement of studio can dissipate. With risk sharing, the studio can still remain optimistic and energetic of producing and marketing the movies in pipeline, which would otherwise be thought of as sheer waste of money and efforts on account of observed failure and huge losses. Trend of videos and DVDs is capturing fast with audiences turning to this medium more than actually visiting a theatre. Apart from traditional sources of revenue, studio revenues like theatre contracts, sale of broadcast television rights and videos and DVD sales are fast catching up, lea ving behind normal box office revenues. Warner Bros. operates on the philosophy of vertical integration which provides it with increased access to downstream distribution channels. This practice can be improved with more focus on securing additional studio revenues. This can also reduce the risks which are more frequent in box office openings. Television broadcast rights, theatre contracts and such other studio revenue streams are considered to be more immune and hence, they should be treated as risk management activities where every single film is a time and cost based project. Marketing campaigns play a significant role in the success or failure of a movie. It educates the audience about what actually is contained in the movie. Trailers are extracted from the movie run itself, which are some exceptionally excellent scenes to hit the psyche of the target audience. With every market, trailers are customized according to the choice, language, seasonality and preference. Trailers befo re launching the movie are generally for box office purposes. However, what if trailers are also developed for television broadcast and theatre screenings simultaneously with box office openings! This could eliminate the fear of a disappointing opening weekend where theatre screenings and sale of videos and DVDs could counteract the losses of bad openings. Maintaining relationships with distributors, actors and directors is yet another